Apply compound-interest models with varied compounding periods, convert among periodic, nominal, and effective annual rates, and determine present and future values for lump sums and regular payment streams. Calculate ordinary and due annuities, model regular deposits, determine fixed loan and mortgage payments, and create amortization schedules showing interest, principal reduction, remaining balances, total repayment, and total interest. Compare investment and borrowing options and evaluate long-term financial plans by aligning rates, cash-flow timing, fees, inflation, taxes, and time horizons using present value, future value, effective rates, and total costs.