Recall multiplication facts through 12, identify patterns when multiplying by 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000, and multiply by multiples of 10 using place-value relationships. Use place-value decomposition, partial products, area models, and the standard algorithm to multiply whole numbers, including 2-digit by 2-digit, 3-digit by 2-digit, and larger cases such as 4-digit by 2-digit, with accurate regrouping and alignment. Estimate products and solve multiplication problems involving multi-digit whole numbers, decimals, and fractions by interpreting equal groups, arrays, area, or scaling, selecting appropriate operations and checking the magnitude and units of results.