Students calculate simple and compound interest, accumulated amounts, future values, and present values using consistent rates, compounding frequencies, and time periods, and compare nominal and effective annual rates. They model regular deposits as annuities and calculate fixed-rate loan payments, amortization, total repayment, and total interest, distinguishing interest from principal as balances change. They compare investment and financing options using formulas, tables, graphs, fees, terms, payment schedules, inflation effects, and total costs within standard fixed-rate models.