Students interpret ratios in context, distinguish part-to-part from part-to-whole comparisons, write them in words, colon, and fraction forms, and generate, simplify, and compare equivalent ratios by scaling both terms consistently. They interpret rates as multiplicative comparisons between quantities, calculate and compare unit rates involving positive whole numbers, decimals, and fractions, and distinguish rates from total amounts in contexts, tables, equations, and graphs. They recognize proportional relationships through constant ratios or unit rates, tables of equivalent ratios, equations of the form $y=kx$, and graphs that pass through the origin, and use scale factors or unit rates to solve missing-value problems.