Calculate the areas of triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and composite figures using perpendicular heights, decomposition, and addition or subtraction, and calculate composite perimeters by summing all exterior boundaries while excluding shared interior edges. Calculate the surface area and volume of rectangular prisms using $2lw+2lh+2wh$ and $lwh$, respectively, and convert among common metric units of length, area, and volume, including millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers, milliliters, and liters, using scale factors and their squares or cubes. Relate radius and diameter with $d=2r$ and $r=d/2$, and explore circumference as proportional to diameter using $C=\pi d$, with $\pi$ approximated by $3.14$ or $\frac{22}{7}$.