Students identify terms, coefficients, constants, variable parts, and like terms in one-variable polynomials with numerical coefficients and nonnegative integer exponents, and classify polynomials by degree and number of terms. Students add, subtract, and simplify polynomials by combining like terms, apply the distributive property to expand products of monomials and manageable polynomials, multiply a polynomial by a monomial, and recognize equivalent expressions in standard form. Students factor out a common monomial by reversing the distributive property, using appropriate numerical factors and variable exponents while managing signs, parentheses, and integer or rational coefficients.