Calculate and interpret mean, median, mode, range, quartiles, interquartile range, and outliers, and construct and interpret box-and-whisker plots to compare center and spread while considering the effect of extreme values. Distinguish categorical, numerical, discrete, and continuous data; identify populations, samples, and variables; evaluate sampling methods for bias; and recognize misleading data displays and statistical claims. Construct scatter plots, describe the direction and strength of associations, draw and use informal lines of best fit for predictions within or near the observed range, and distinguish interpolation from less reliable extrapolation without inferring causation.