Students ask statistical questions, collect categorical and numerical whole-number data, use tally marks and simple frequency tables, and organize measurements to the nearest whole unit in line plots. They create and interpret pictographs with one-to-one or many-to-one keys of 1, 2, 5, or 10 and bar graphs with up to four categories and single-unit scales, comparing values, identifying greatest and least amounts, and answering one- and two-step addition or subtraction questions. Students identify possible outcomes, describe events as certain, impossible, likely, unlikely, or equally likely, conduct simple chance experiments, record repeated results, and compare observed frequencies without using formal probability calculations.