Use normal distributions to calculate and interpret probabilities, percentiles, and z-scores, compare relative positions across distributions, and recognize that probabilities represent areas under a continuous curve. Construct and interpret single-predictor linear regression models using slope, intercept, residuals, and $R^2$, and interpret correlation coefficients in context while distinguishing association from causation. Evaluate sampling methods, sources of bias, confidence intervals, margins of error, significance, variability, and statistical claims, distinguishing statistical significance from practical importance and recognizing the limits of generalization.