Students distinguish relations from functions using mappings, tables, equations, graphs, and the vertical line test, and evaluate standard algebraic functions using function notation while respecting domain restrictions. They determine domains from equations, ranges from graphs, zeros, positive and negative intervals, and increasing, decreasing, or constant intervals, accounting for endpoints, holes, turning points, zeros, and undefined inputs. They interpret domain, range, intercepts, extrema, symmetry, discontinuities, end behavior, and other key graph features in mathematical and real-world contexts, including appropriate units and restrictions such as nonnegative time or whole-number quantities.