Students estimate and measure length, mass, capacity, and time using appropriate customary and metric units, record measurements to specified precision, calculate elapsed time, and convert among common units, including inches, feet, yards, miles; ounces, pounds, tons; cups, pints, quarts, gallons; millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers; milligrams, grams, kilograms; milliliters, liters, kiloliters; and seconds, minutes, hours, days, and weeks. Students calculate perimeter and area of polygons, rectangles, parallelograms, triangles, and composite figures; determine missing side lengths and dimensions; and solve scale-drawing and measurement problems involving whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. Students find and interpret the volume and surface area of rectangular prisms and familiar solids using unit cubes, nets, formulas, and decomposition, while solving multi-step contextual problems and applying conversion factors with consistent linear, square, cubic, and compound units.