Students interpret, write, represent, compare, simplify, and generate equivalent ratios using words, colon notation, fractions, tables, double number lines, and tape diagrams, and solve part-to-part, part-to-whole, missing-value, scaling, and other ratio problems through multiplicative reasoning. Students calculate, interpret, compare, and use unit rates, including price per item and speed, convert rates between compatible units, and solve problems involving whole numbers, fractions, and decimals while attending to units and order. Students interpret percent as per hundred, relate fractions, decimals, and percents, represent and estimate percents with hundred grids and benchmarks, find a percent of a quantity or the whole from a familiar percent, and solve simple discount, tax, and tip problems.