Students collect categorical and numerical data using clear categories, tally marks, frequency tables, whole-number counts, and simple measurements with consistent units, including measurements in whole units, halves, or fourths. They create and interpret pictographs, bar graphs, line plots, and simple line graphs using titles, labels, keys, and appropriate scales, compare quantities, solve one- and two-step questions, and find the mode and range. Students identify possible outcomes, describe likelihood as impossible, unlikely, equally likely, likely, or certain, conduct simple chance experiments, and recognize fair and unfair games through informal comparisons of equally likely outcomes.