Students interpret multiplication as equal groups, repeated addition, number-line jumps, arrays, and area, and use commutative, associative, and distributive properties to reason about whole-number products generally within 100. They fluently recall basic facts with factors through 10, including multiplication by 0, 1, 2–10 and the 6s through 12, multiply multiples of 10 from 10 to 90 by a one-digit number, and multiply a two-digit number by a one-digit number using models, place-value decomposition, and partial products. They solve equal-group, array, area, multiplicative-comparison, and missing-factor problems, and estimate two-digit-by-one-digit products using compatible multiples of ten to judge the reasonableness of exact results.