Students recognize, create, draw, and organize small equal groups, distinguishing the number of groups, the number in each group, and the total, including simple rows-and-columns arrays. They count equal groups by ones, twos, fives, and tens, with groups of five and ten typically supporting totals through 100, and represent groups through skip-counting, counting on, and informal repeated addition. They solve simple equal-group and equal-sharing situations, including sharing between two groups and identifying a possible leftover, without formal multiplication or division notation, algorithms, or generalized rules.